Space and Time 2.0

Chapter 9: Time Grid and Black Holes in the MZI Model

9.1 The Theoretical Time Grid

So far, we have considered time as a grid structure. To make it more tangible, the time grid is defined more clearly. It consists of tetrahedrons and octahedrons evenly distributed without gaps. For the tetrahedrons and octahedrons, we assume an edge length of 3 radii of a proton. The basis for the definition is the smallest detectable or observable distance so far. The vertices are thus 3R = 3 · 0.84 fm = 2.52 fm. The time grid is a non-interacting computational matrix with theoretical potential transformation nodes (RpTN) at the vertices, defining or measuring possible changes (e.g., spacetime transformations):

\( (x, y, z, t) = (n \cdot a_0, m \cdot a_0, p \cdot a_0, k \cdot a_0/c) + \text{Offset}, \, a_0 = 2.52 \, \text{fm}. \)

It symbolizes an optimal equilibrium, possibly dimensionless, and serves as a reference structure for the MZI model, a "congruent transformation grid" for observing changes.

9.2 Black Holes as Maximum Compression of Matter

This grid structure could also correspond to the densest and most stable crystalline form into which mass can be transformed. We initially assume this state for matter in black holes. No singularity, but matter that is maximally compressed. Thus, a black hole can continuously bind more matter and grow, but only at the periphery of its spherical overall structure of tetra- and octahedrons. There is an upper limit to how much matter can be maximally added continuously. The black hole grid is a physical approximation of the time grid with protons at the grid corners (Np ≈ 6 × 10^{38}) and neutrons in octahedral interstices (Nn ≈ Np), edge length a0 = 2.52 fm. The total mass is:

\( M \approx 2 \times 10^{12} \, \text{kg}, \, r_s \approx 2.96 \, \text{fm}, \, \rho_{g+n} \approx 1.5 \times 10^{17} \, \text{kg/m}^3. \)

Alternatively, a0 = 10 fm is possible (\( \rho_{g+n} \approx 2.4 \times 10^{15} \, \text{kg/m}^3 \)), which facilitates stability but is less dense. Stability is ensured by gravity and the electron atmosphere:

\( \rho_e(r) = \rho_{e0} \cdot Ne/Ne_0 \cdot e^{-r/r_s}, \, Ne \approx Np. \)

The Coulomb repulsion: \( F_{\text{Coulomb}} \approx 3.6 \times 10^{7} \, \text{N} \) (at a0 = 2.52 fm), is balanced by the electron atmosphere. Neutrons (radius ~0.85 fm) reduce electromagnetic interactions.

9.3 Pulsation, Resonance, and Electron Atmosphere

The grid pulsates, driven by the rotation of a Kerr black hole (a* ≈ 0.9):

\( a(t) = 2.52 + 97.48 \cdot \sin(\omega_{\text{pulse}} t), \, \text{maximal} \, a = 100 \, \text{fm}, \)

\( \omega_{\text{pulse}} \approx 1.8 \times 10^{16} \, \text{rad/s}, \, f_{\text{pulse}} \approx 2.85 \times 10^{15} \, \text{Hz}. \)

The inherent resonance arising from the grid structure is in the gamma ray range:

\( f_{\text{GR}}(t) \approx c/a(t) \approx 3 \times 10^{21} - 1.19 \times 10^{23} \, \text{Hz}. \)

The electron atmosphere has: \( f_e(t) \approx f_{\text{GR}}(t), \, f_{e, \text{collective}} \approx c/r_s \approx 1 \times 10^{23} \, \text{Hz}. \)

Why an atmosphere of electrons? We speculated that the grid structure of protons and neutrons inside the black hole is so tightly packed that electrons are pushed out of the grid and form a kind of atmosphere. This stabilizes the inner grid structure. And the physical conditions can be created to describe the special properties of black holes. The radiation of the inner structure of a black hole is very low due to the available interaction potentials reduced to a minimum by the structure, which explains the appearance of black holes. Due to the inner structure, there is a special balance between maximum potential interaction and minimal availability of transformation. A local minimized mirror image of the optimal distribution combined with the highest balance and stability.

9.4 Jets and Matter Absorption

If more matter passes the event horizon than can be supplied, it is directed from the equator to the poles through the interplay of rotation, gravity, and thermodynamics and ejected there as the observed jets:

\( E_{\text{Jet}} = \alpha (M_{\text{add}} - M_{\text{grit}}) c^2 \cdot \omega/\omega_0, \, \omega_0 \approx 2\pi \cdot f_{\text{GR}}. \)

Perhaps matter in the accretion disk is reduced to hydrogen by the enormously high different energies, supporting the proton-neutron structure.

9.5 Time Behavior

With this assumption, we must assume that time behaves somewhat differently for an external observer than previously thought. An object leaving Earth and approaching a black hole would appear slowed in its time to the observer with increasing distance and speed. But as soon as the object approaches the black hole, the observable speed (transformation) would rise again, and very strongly. Only after passing the event horizon would the time disappear from the external observer's field of perception:

\( t_{\text{observer}} = t_{\text{object}} \sqrt{1 - r_s/r}. \)

9.6 Umbranium as Macro-Atom

If we start from the smallest black hole that can permanently exist in the known universe, what if we define it in the MZI as the smallest galactic macro-element and call it Umbranium. Black holes as macro-atoms of an intergalactic molecule. Actually, Umbranium was just a joke on the side of the discussion with the AI, but it was received with such high enthusiasm (even if that's not possible with a current AI) that it has a certain right to exist as a small lightening. And you never know what can become of a jokingly meant idea...